TGFB1 and hematologic disorder: Although CAR-γδT therapy has shown promising efficacy in hematologic malignancies, its application to solid tumours-particularly GBM-is impeded by multiple factors, including a highly immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment, inefficient T-cell infiltration, T-cell exhaustion driven by inhibitory pathways such as TGF-β, and antigen heterogeneity.