ATF4 and gestational diabetes: Temporal expression dynamics were modeled with the multiclassPairs package in R using GSE154377.<h4>Results</h4>Consistent downregulation of four critical MRGs-MUL1, PINK1, TOMM7, and ATF4-was observed in GDM placental tissue (GSE154414) and in both placental tissue and fetal umbilical cord blood (GSE203346) but not in maternal peripheral blood.