TP53 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Among these, 12 hub genes (CCNB1, CDK1, CCNA2, CDK2, CDK4, TYMS, AURKA, CCNA1, CHEK1, CCNB2, PLK1, CDC25A) were significantly overexpressed in HNSCC tissues and were primarily enriched in cell cycle regulation, p53 signaling, and viral carcinogenesis pathways.