This article focuses on key astroglial and neuronal injury markers-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL-1), neurofilament light chain (NfL), tau protein, and S100B-as indicators of stress-related brain dysfunction in PTSD. The gene discussed is S100B; the disease is post-traumatic stress disorder.