VEGFA and dry eye syndrome: This study aimed to compare conjunctival TGF-β2 and VEGF levels between healthy dogs and those with KCS, evaluate the effects of 6-week therapy with 0.2% cyclosporine A (CsA), and explore associations with clinical signs, Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1), goblet cell density (GCD), and inflammatory cell infiltration.<h4>Materials and methods</h4>Thirty-three dogs with KCS, classified as mild (n = 10), moderate (n = 10), or severe (n = 13), underwent ophthalmic exams, STT-1 measurements, and conjunctival biopsies before treatment (T0) and after 6 weeks of topical CsA therapy (T1).