TGFB1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: In this study, we investigated the synergistic efficacy of a triple-combination therapy comprising a PD-1 antibody, adoptive NK (natural killer) cells, and an oncolytic adenovirus Ad-anti-TGF-βRII (encoding a TGF-β inhibitor) in NSCLC xenograft mouse models.<h4>Methods</h4>We investigated the combined effect of Ad-anti-TGF-βRII and NK cells on PD-1 antibody monotherapy using both <i>in vitro</i> cell experiments and the mouse model of NSCLC.