In urine, we found increases in IL-1RA, G-CSF, and chemokines CXCL10, CCL4, CCL11, GROα/β/γ, and IL-8/CXCL8, with IL-1RA and CCL4 showing direct correlation with the degree of pyuria at the time of infection. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL1 and infection.