TNF and Sepsis: After propensity score matching, new-onset comorbidities, including tuberculosis, sepsis, autoimmune hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and sarcoidosis, were assessed. TNF-α inhibitor use was associated with increased risk of several clinically relevant outcomes, including tuberculosis (risk ratio or RR 3.15), inflammatory bowel disease (RR 9.35), and psoriasis (RR 5.36), whereas opportunistic infections were not significantly increased.