TFF2 and lung cancer: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of THP in alleviating CIBP and clarify its underlying mechanisms, with a focus on the roles of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), substance P (SP), and macrophage dynamics in a mouse model of CIBP.<h4>Methods</h4>Using a multidisciplinary approach, we established a CIBP model in male C57BL/6 mice (and TRPV1-knockout mice) via intramedullary injection of lung cancer cells.