In addition to metabolic resistance, we detected all three target-site resistance alleles (i.e. kdr-L995F, kdr-L995S and Ace.1-G280S), with kdr-L995F predominating, with allelic frequencies ranging from 53% to 71% across years.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes from Sakassou show high levels of resistance to pyrethroids but remain susceptible to clothianidin, indicating that clothianidin-based IRS may serve as an effective complementary strategy for malaria control. The gene discussed is ACE; the disease is malaria.