High CD73 expression on cancer cells was suggested to confer tolerance to ICI in EGFR/ALK-oncogene+ NSCLC, potentially through M2-TAM accumulation and aberrant angiogenesis.CONCLUSIONOur study delineates the clinical relevance of heterogeneous immune cell subsets in ICI-treated mNSCLC, aiding the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.FUNDINGOsaka Cancer Society, KANAE Foundation for the Promotion of Medical Science, SGH Foundation, and YOKOYAMA Foundation for Clinical Pharmacology. The gene discussed is EGFR; the disease is cancer.