These microbial alterations promote tumor progression via activation of pro-inflammatory pathways (e.g., interleukin-17 (IL-17)/interleukin-23 (IL-23) axis) and suppression of antitumor immunity.Notably, the gut-lung microbiome exerts a profound impact on immunotherapeutic efficacy: responders are enriched with beneficial microbes like Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium that enhance CD8+ T cell responses, while non-responders show elevated levels of Gammaproteobacteria and Fusobacterium associated with immunosuppression. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.