MTOR and neoplasm: This review systematically summarizes recent advances in how TCM monomers and formulations regulate key CRC signaling pathways-including PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog, and NF-κB-to inhibit tumor proliferation, promote apoptosis, suppress metastasis, and remodel the tumor microenvironment.