TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: pylori</i> or inflammatory bowel disease, establishes a pro-tumorigenic milieu through cytokine networks (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, while neural components (serotonergic, cholinergic, and peptidergic pathways) actively participate in cancer progression via neurotrophic factors and neurotransmitter-mediated crosstalk.