NPPA and hydrops fetalis: Echocardio- graphy, qRT-PCR analysis of hypertrophy (ANP, BNP, β-MHC) and fibrosis markers (COL1, COL3, α-SMA), hematoxylin-eosin staining, and Masson's trichrome staining were performed to evaluate the impact of gastrin on HF, MH, and fibrosis in mice.Furthermore, the effect of gastrin on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was investigated in vitro using H9C2 cells, with F-actin staining and qRT-PCR analysis of ANP and BNP employed.