SMAD1 and atrial fibrillation: Furthermore, Piezo1 activation inhibited BMP2-induced osteogenesis and nuclear translocation of p-Smad1/5/9.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Piezo1 maintains AF cell homeostasis under mechanical stress by suppressing osteogenic changes via calcineurin-mediated inhibition of BMP signaling, which may represent a novel therapeutic target for IVDD.