DSP and neoplasm: DSP-WTA and mIF revealed that IO + MCT effectively decreased the number of tumor-infiltrating T cells with the positive expression of terminal exhaustion marker CD39 and increased the number of primary and secondary follicle-like tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), particularly in pCR patients.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Neoadjuvant MCT combined with camrelizumab led to an increased pCR rate (54.5 vs. 16.7%) in ESCC patients compared to MCT alone.