Independent risk factors for NTM-PD and CPA coinfection included male sex (OR 2.13, 95% CI: 1.03-4.47), dyspnea (OR 27.9, 95% CI: 4.24-570), cavity (OR 5.95, 95% CI: 2.76-13.9), use of oral corticosteroids (OR 4.28, 95% CI: 1.13-16.6), and interstitial lung disease (OR 15.5, 95% CI: 1.89-361). Here, CPA1 is linked to interstitial lung disease.