CXCL12 and neoplasm: We also highlight emerging therapeutic strategies targeting cytokine and chemokine pathways, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, modulation of chemokine signaling, and the direct use of cytokines to enhance antitumor immunity, with particular emphasis on interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12)-C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) axis, which show consistent associations with tumor stage, metastasis, and treatment response.