The knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the neuroprotection induced by novel specific inhibitors of NOX2 and NOX4 against the diabetic insults will confer the hope that therapeutic treatments for ESDR will evolve in the near future and be beneficial to millions of subjects who are in the early stage of Diabetic Retinopathy, as well as subjects with other complications of diabetes. This evidence concerns the gene CYBB and diabetic retinopathy.