This study investigates the three-dimensional morphology of microglia and the intracellular localization of phosphorylated SMAD proteins as downstream effectors of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling in the amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 (APP/PS1) transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The gene discussed is APP; the disease is early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.