CD8A and neoplasm: Critically, combining TIL with Nivolumab synergistically enhanced tumor cell death in PDO and resulted in near-complete tumor suppression in the CDX model, significantly outperforming TIL monotherapy.<h4>Conclusions</h4>TIL isolated from bladder cancer patients can be robustly expanded in vitro into a population enriched with CD8+ T cells, which exhibited potent anti-tumor activity across both in vitro and in vivo models.