Dividing the study population into those who developed GDM (16 patients) versus those who did not develop GDM (27 patients) revealed significantly higher fasting insulin levels (12.65 ± 7.29 μIU/mL vs 7.37 ± 3.24 μIU/mL, p=0.027) and increased insulin resistance measured by HOMA IR (3.05 ± 1.82 vs 1.54 ± 0.69, p=0.010) in the GDM group compared to the non-GDM group. Here, INS is linked to gestational diabetes.