CCL2 and congestive heart failure: Concentration of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was higher in the decompensated CHF compared with all other groups, and the concentration of keratinocyte chemotactic-like chemokine was higher in the decompensated CHF compared with the preclinical group.<h4>Conclusions and clinical importance</h4>Higher concentrations and percentages of total monocytes and concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in CHF suggest an inflammatory pathway in MMVD progression.