Primary outcomes focused on immune response after 2 years of ART, and secondary outcomes including CD4+ T-cell count recovery, net increase in CD4+ T-cell count, CD4+ T-cell growth rate, time to immune response, and AIDS-related mortality.<h4>Results</h4>After matching 2,372 PLWH into ATS and non-ATS cohorts, the ATS group exhibited lower immune response rates, delayed responses, smaller increases in CD4+ T-cell counts, and slower initial CD4+ T-cell growth, although growth rates were comparable at later time points. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is AIDS.