Finally, we evaluated the protein expression of CD73 and Smad7 in ileal tissue from Crohn's disease (CD) patients.<h4>Results</h4>Smad7TgCre<sup>+</sup> mice developed spontaneous terminal ileitis, which was characterized by villus shortening and widening, mucus depletion, increased intestinal permeability, and infiltration of CD8 + T cells. The gene discussed is NT5E; the disease is Cowden disease.