ScRNA-seq analysis further identified the enhanced endocrine cells in GDM-offspring islets, with imbalanced α/β-cell subsets-specifically, reduced immature α1/β1 subsets and expanded mature α2/β2/β3/β4 subsets, alongside upregulated expression of insulin- and glucagon-related genes (Ins1, Ins2, Gcg). Here, FOXM1 is linked to gestational diabetes.