Furthermore, using qPCR and bulk RNAseq, the mRNA levels of the immune-cell markers were examined in 204 VS samples of different tumor sizes.<h4>Results</h4>VSs with greater tumor volumes showed an increased number of immune cells, more precisely T-helper cells (T<sub>H</sub> cells), cytotoxic T cells (T<sub>c</sub> cells), CD68<sup>+</sup>, and CD163<sup>+</sup> macrophages, as well as CD279<sup>+</sup> (PD-1) and CTLA4<sup>+</sup> cells (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.