Furthermore, a machine learning model integrating N1007_H5N4S2 on Fibronectin and N107_H9N3 on Alpha-1-antitrypsin yielded AUC values of 0.950/0.973 (HCC), 0.976/0.922 (TNM-I HCC), and 0.948/0.867 (AFP-negative HCC) in two cohorts, respectively. This evidence concerns the gene AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma.