Parasite genotypes (microsatellites Pv3.27, Pv3.502, and Pv1.501) and the expression of host immune mediators (IL-13, IL-10, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-8, TGF-beta, Fox-P3, PD-L1) were compared between primary and recurrent infections.<h4>Results.</h4>The frequency of recurrences was higher in pregnant women (41.6%) than in non-pregnant individuals (8.7%). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is infection.