Critically, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and rotenone induced in vivo and in vitro PD models show oxidized mtDNA (ox-mtDNA) release and microglial NLRP3-IL-1β axis activation as evidenced by upregulation of NLRP3 and IL-1β, caspase-1 cleavage, and IL-1β release. Here, IL1B is linked to Parkinson disease.