INS and renal carcinoma: Direct risk-factor association-analyses (i.e., cohort analyses) were based on the UK Biobank cohort study (472,337 cohort participants, including 1,382 incident renal cancer cases diagnosed during 5,586,414 person years of follow-up) and the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study (NSHDS) for fasting insulin (204 pairs of cases and controls, ongoing recruitment and follow-up since 1985).