A positive correlation was found between the expression of TF and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), a CAF marker, and between fibroblast procoagulant activity and secretion of the CAF inducer, TGFβ1.Interestingly, fibroblasts from distant breast tissue exhibited CAF-like and procoagulant phenotypes similar to tumour-associated fibroblasts. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.