Compared with survivors, these patients were significantly younger, had lower T-cell subset counts (CD3<sup>+</sup>, CD4<sup>+</sup>, and CD8<sup>+</sup>), and a higher prevalence of primary immunodeficiency (all P < 0.05).<h4>Conclusions</h4>BALF mNGS analysis may have utility for differentiating between colonization and infection by P. jirovecii, warranting further investigation. Here, CD8A is linked to inborn error of immunity.