The predictive power of the method was validated in more than 1,000 ccRCC patients treated with ICB, and compared to single biomarkers (e.g., PD-L1 expression, TMB).<h4>Results</h4>Inflammatory signaling was found to be strongly associated with ICB outcome, and 716 inflammation-related genes were identified that are enriched in the "lymphocyte activation regulation" pathway. Here, CD274 is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.