CCND1 and neoplasm: In adjusted models, lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) (odds ratio (OR): 3.59, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.21 - 3.87), Ki67 (OR: 4.65, 4.08 - 5.10), tumor necrosis (OR: 2.39, 2.06 - 2.79), cyclinD1 (OR: 2.20, 1.99 - 2.43), and CD163 (OR: 2.06, 1.72 - 2.51) remained independently associated with recurrence.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Beyond histological grade, proliferative signaling and M2 macrophage polarization strongly influence recurrence risk in ESS.