TGFB1 and cancer: In both homeostasis and disease contexts-such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and fibrosis-distinct fibroblast subpopulations exhibit specialized roles: some drive immunosuppression via PD-L1 expression, TGF-β secretion, or metabolic reprogramming; others promote inflammation or fibrosis through cytokine and chemokine secretion; while a subset supports immune resolution and tissue repair.