However, pre-treatment significantly affected serum markers of bone resorption (CTX) and bone formation in ways that favored lower CTX across the 3 glucose groups (ND-Palm, T1D-Palm, and T1D-Insulin) and P1NP levels in T1D-Insulin mice that were consistent with P1NP levels in ND mice. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.