STAT3 and glioblastoma: Consistently, hallmark pathway analysis indicated that the IL6_JAK_STAT3_SIGNALING pathway was most enriched in C1-GBM, accompanied by elevated expression of key genes such as STAT3 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3) and JAK1 (Janus Kinase 1) (Supplementary Figure S4A).