PTEN and glioblastoma: Multi-omics studies conducted by the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) have revealed complex genetic characteristics in GBM, such as co-deletions of chromosomes 1p and 19q, mutations in genes like IDH, PTEN, TP53, TERT, and ATRX, amplifications of EGFR, and disruptions in P53, Rb, and PI3K signaling pathways [4,5,6].