In breast cancer, AR signaling exerts context-dependent effects: it can inhibit proliferation in estrogen-receptor-positive (ER-positive) tumors by antagonizing ER activity, but in ER-negative subtypes such as the luminal androgen receptor (LAR) triple-negative breast cancers, AR activation promotes growth through PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways [12]. Here, ESR1 is linked to triple-negative breast carcinoma.