Specifically, gut dysbiosis was shown to suppress the pro-death effects of the ferroptosis inducer FIN56 on HuCCT1 (a human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cell line) by regulating the activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5)/NADPH Oxidase 1 (NOX1) signaling axis. Here, TGFBR1 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.