Clinical characteristics were compared between CS patients with high (>0.5) and low (<0.5) predicted probability of AC.<h4>Results</h4>A total of 136 patients were included: 44 with CES-AF, 52 with NCES, and 40 with CS. The combination of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels ⩾ 469 pg/mL and biplanar LAS during the contraction phase (LASct) ⩾ -10.2% demonstrated the best-performing AC biomarker combination among those evaluated for identifying cardioembolic etiology (AUC = 0.995). The gene discussed is NPPB; the disease is Cowden syndrome 1.