TLR4 and neoplasm: RNA-seq, qPCR, ELISA and Western blotting were performed to explore pathways in cachexia-induced muscle atrophy and OH-CATH30's action mechanism.<h4>Results</h4>Transcriptomic analysis showed significant enrichment of inflammation and protein degradation pathways in skeletal muscle in LPS-induced sepsis, 4T1 tumour-induced cancer cachexia and cisplatin-induced cachexia models, with upregulated expression of TLR4 pathway genes such as Cd14, Tlr4 and Irak4 (p < 0.05).