HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma, GLP-1RA: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus, HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval, SDHR: subdistribution hazard ratio, aHR: adjusted hazard ratio, CVD: cardiovascular disease, NHIRD: National Health Insurance Research Database, RCT: randomized controlled trial, LAI: long-acting insulin. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is diabetes mellitus.