Among the most upregulated genes in ALS were SLC40A1, ABCA1, CTSS, SRPK1, BNIP2, and QPCT, whereas the top downregulated genes included ARS2, ZNF652, STIP1, and GABBR1. Notably, several key upregulated genes (e.g., SLC40A1, ABCA1, BNIP2, and QPCT) overlapped with hub genes from the ALS-associated green module identified by WGCNA, reinforcing their biological relevance (Table S3). This evidence concerns the gene CTSS and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.