Clinically, these genes have transformed male infertility management: pathogenic variants such as IQUB c.942T > G and IQCN c.2388G > A have been incorporated into diagnostic recommendations for male infertility genetic testing, as evidenced in recent clinical studies and expert panels (16, 31, 35), to enable etiological diagnosis, and their molecular mechanisms guide targeted interventions—from AOA or transparent zone removal for IQCN-related fertilization failure to ICSI for IQUB-associated asthenozoospermia. Here, IQUB is linked to Reduced sperm motility.