For instance, urinary MiNP levels >1 μg/L are associated with a significantly increased PCa risk (Chang et al., 2018), while specific miRNA signatures (e.g., miR-34a, miR-205) altered by PAEs exposure may serve as complementary biomarkers (Tsai et al., 2025; Zhu et al., 2019). The gene discussed is BMERB1; the disease is posterior cortical atrophy.