FOS and posterior cortical atrophy: Mechanistically, PAEs may regulate PCa progression through multiple pathways, including disrupting the androgen/estrogen signaling balance, inducing epigenetic abnormalities (DNA hypomethylation, microRNA dysregulation), activating pro-proliferative/invasive signaling pathways (MAPK/AP-1, Wnt/β-catenin pathways), and inducing oxidative stress and facilitating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).