PTGS2 and posterior cortical atrophy: DEHP exposure has been shown to dose-dependently elevate the estradiol (E2)/T ratio, upregulates AR and estrogen receptor α (ERα) expression, and enhance cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) signaling, a pathway strongly linked to PCa progression (Zhou et al., 2022; Tian et al., 2019).