ALK and neoplasm: Several limitations should be noted: (i) Although the present study is based on real-world data, the inherent nature of a single-center retrospective analysis introduces potential bias, necessitating further validation through multicenter prospective studies; (ii) we did not include several critical prognostic variables, most notably the tumor stage, detailed histology (NSCLC vs. SCLC subtype), specific genetic mutation status (e.g., EGFR, ALK), and the treatment modality received by the patient (e.g., surgery, type of chemotherapy/immunotherapy, radiotherapy).