Moreover, TACE may be associated with lower intratumoral levels of exhausted effector T cells (CD8+/PD-1+) and regulatory T cells (CD4+/FOXP3+), which have the potential to shift the tumor microenvironment from an immunosuppressive to an immune-supportive state and thereby enhance the therapeutic efficacy of PD-L1 inhibitors (24, 25). Here, CD4 is linked to neoplasm.