Hence, the co-occurrence of TNF-α and IFN-γ as significant predictors in older men with obesity and high CMI is therefore biologically plausible and consistent with a state of advanced cardiometabolic remodeling (Li et al., 2025), in which adipose tissue, immune cells, and the vascular site form a tightly coupled inflammatory circuit. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.